Tuesday, January 25, 2011

How to learn effectively


Students who don't ace tests are often labelled as lazy orinattentive. If you aren't doing well in school, or are struggling, then don't dismiss yourself as dumb, or the teachers asuseless - it may be a variety of subtle things that are drawing potential away from your learning.
Make things more interesting for you and you will start learning more effectively. Simple things, like learning to listentaking notes and being more organized can maximize your learning 
  1. 1
    Figure out which learning styles work best for you. The basics are learning by seeing, doing, and hearing. Think back on something you remember well from class; was it a hands-on activity? Did the teacher give you a detailed essay? Were you given a handout? Once you know how you learn it can be done better. There are also tests available on the internet to determine your learning style.

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  2. 2
    Benefit by doing. Hands-on activities are great, as they stick in your memory and help you more:
    • When you perform experiments in class, make sure that you concentrate.
    • Actually write down notes, even when they're not required during a lecture. The more open your mind is, the faster information will stick.
    • Alternatively, instead of taking notes, record the lecture on a mini-recorder and devote your attention to listening; use the recording to create notes afterwards. This extra step takes time, but makes use of what psychologists call the "dual-coding hypothesis", where you are more likely to learn something if you experience it in two different ways (i.e. listening and writing, in this case).
  3. 3
    Rid yourself of distractions while learningCell phonesmusic, and your chatty partner distract you from your instructor. Sit in a suitable place, as classes are for concentrating, not talking to your friends. Keep valuables in a bag, or far away enough for them not to attract your attention.
  4. 4
    Establish good relationships with your teachers. If you hate your teachers, then you will have a lot of trouble learning. Be polite and show respect, and put in some effort, and your teachers will hold a liking for you that will make classes more pleasant.
  5. 5
    Set small goals for yourself. For example, take notes during class, and at the end of the week, see if you can write a short essay based on the material you've been learning. Before you begin a new unit, write down some questions on the topic, and at the end of each lesson, see how many of them you can answer. Each time you accomplish a goal, reward yourself by buying a CD or item of clothing, going out and having fun, or just taking a break.
  6. 6
    Make things more interesting by figuring out a way to make classes more pleasant. Finds ways to motivate yourself:
    • Find something about the topic you are learning that interests you and focus on learning as much as you can about it. The more you want to learn, the more you will learn.
    • Find a "study buddy" - that is, a friend or classmate to study with. Hold small tests/quizzes for each other, discuss things you don't understand or that interest you, or take notes together. Having someone's company can motivate you more.
  7. 7
    See if you can summarize what you learned into a little notebook after class. Jot down a sentence or two that you can look back and recall the day with.
  8. 8
    Ask for help if you're struggling. Many people don't do this. If you find you are struggling, know that almost all teachers want to help you catch up. See if your school has a resource room you could use during study halls or go directly to your teacher
  9. Tips

    • If you're having trouble understanding your course's material, ask for help from a teacher, parent, or from a classmate who grasps the concept. Don't be embarrassed, or feel stupid, because your studies are very important, and any problems that you're having deserve to be addressed.
    • Set yourself a large reward to motivate you overall. For example, allow yourself to buy an expensive item or do something luxurious if your overall grades have improved greatly.
    • Try be more observant. Inside and outside of class, practise listening and remembering details. Think of classes as another way to sharpen your observational skills.
    • If your school offers tuition or any kind of special help, consider going for it.

How to learn Italian 7 - Italian articles


Italian Articles and
Demonstratives
Definite Article - The
Masculine
Feminine
ileelsing., before consonantslalahsing., before consonants
lolowsing., before z, gn, or s + cons.
l'lsing., before vowelsl'lsing., before vowels
ieeplural, before consonantslelehplural, before consonants and vowels
glilyeeplural, before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons.
Indefinite Articles - A, an, some
Masculine
Feminine
A, Anunoonbefore consonant or vowelunaoon-ahbefore consonants
unooon-ohbefore z, gn, or s + consonantun'oonbefore vowels
Somedeidaybefore consonantsdelledell-ehbefore vowels and consonants
deglideh-lyeebefore vowels, z, gn, or s + cons.

Demonstratives - This, that, these, and those
This and these
ThisThese
Masc.questoquestibefore a consonant
quest'questibefore a vowel
Fem.questaquestebefore a consonant
quest'questebefore a vowel
That and those
ThatThose
Masc.quelqueibefore a consonant
quell'queglibefore a vowel
quelloqueglibefore z, gn, or s + consonant
Fem.quellaquellebefore a consonant
quell'quellebefore a vowel
Note:  If you use that and those as a subject, use these four
forms: quello for masculine singular, quella
for feminine singular, quelli for masculine
plural, and quelle for feminine plural. 

How to learn Italian 6 - Italian vowels

The pronounciation of the Italian consonants should not be difficult for
English-speakers, but most vowels have a different sound. There are two
important issues to be kept well in mind:

  • In Italian, the pronounciation of the vowels does not change according to the
    word (only e and o have "wide" and "narrow" sounds, but the difference is not so great),
    whereas for instance an English "e" is pronounced in different ways (leavehen,break).


    As a general rule, the sound of Italian vowels is not affected by other letters. There is only one exception, already discussed in the previous
    paragraph 1.2: when i belongs to particular
    clusters, its sound is not heard.


  • The Italian vowels are always pronounced clipped, i.e. with a very short
    duration (sound length), whereas in English they are often held, so to obtain
    a "long" sound, particularly when they are at the end of a word. For example,
    the English undergo is pronounced as if the word was spelt undergoe,
    i.e. with a long duration, although the word ends with o alone.


    In Italian, this o would sound shorter, as if the word was spelt undergoh,
    (without pronouncing the h), and the great majority of Italian words ends
    in a similar way, i.e. with a vowel.


    Vowels are the greatest obstacle in attempting to mimic the Italian sound
    by using syllables pronounced in the English way; there is no other way to
    obtain clipped vowels than to add an "h" after each of them (ah, eh, oh, etc.)
    This phonetic spelling looks a little awkward, for instance
    libreria (for bookshop) looks like "lyhbrehryhah"; but
    this will no longer be necessary once the student has fully learned
    the basic pronounciation rules. Practice hard your vowels, so to get
    rid of these funny spellings very soon!


    In these early chapters, a phonetic spelling (i.e. the English spelling of the
    word's actual sound), between quotation marks and in italics style,
    has been added to each Italian word, as a further help for the beginner; at
    more advanced stages, it will be abandoned, assuming that the student has
    gradually become confident with the pronounciation rules.

    The introduction paragraph (see
    GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF THESE
    PAGES
    ) shows a few examples, and explains why I preferred to use this
    method rather than the international phonetic system.


    Here are some further notes about the phonetic spelling you'll find in these pages:


    • The sound of the Italian vowel a is obtained by spelling it
      "..ah..", always sounding
      as in bath,
      but obviously clipped, i.e. much shorter than in English.
    • The Italian e is spelt "..eh..": it may sound as letter
      e in bet,
      or as letter a in may

      not pronouncing the y.
    • The Italian i is spelt "..yh.." or "..y..", always
      sounding as the letter y in gym;
    • The Italian o is spelt "..oh..", sometimes sounding as
      letter o in box, and
      sometimes as in coal,
      though with a shorter sound than in English.
    • The Italian u is spelt "..w..", always sounding
      as letter w in want.
    • The Italian c is spelt "..k.." when its sound is "strong" (guttural),
      as in cardcome.


      The "soft" (palatal) sound, like the English cluster ch in
      church or
      cheese, is spelt "..ch.."
      (in reading the phonetic spelling remember not to omit the sound of h!).
    • In a similar way, the Italian g is spelt "..g..",
      when its sound is "strong" (guttural), as in goal,
      guide;
      its "soft" (palatal) sound, like an English j, is
      spelt "..j..", sounding like jam or

      jungle.
    • The Italian cluster sc is spelt "..sh.." when the sound
      matches the English cluster sh in
      shade or fish (again, do not omit the sound of h in this case!).
    • The Italian gn sound is spelt using a Spanish "..ñ..",
      as señor.
    • For the Italian cluster gl another Spanish group has been used,

      "..ll.." (always with a reminder note). In the GRAMMAR AND
      EXERCISES
       section of this website, this phonetic spelling has been preferred,
      because it is the closest to the Italian pronounciation.

      Instead, in the USEFUL EXPRESSIONS sections I preferred to
      use its quasi-equivalent English ...lly... spelling,
      because the readers whose only purpose is that to use the sentences on a holiday,
      would find this spelling easier to understand, without having to learn the language
      in depth.
    • The sound of the Italian r is always "rolled": there is no graphic way
      for showing this, so simply keep in mind the pronounciation of this letter.


      ACCENT (or STRESS)


      Accent will be the subject of paragraph 1.5, but I would like to introduce in advance that in the phonetic (English sound) spelling, the syllable that carries the stress is shown in bold letters: these syllables carry the stress in pronouncing the relevant word.

      For example:
      animale (animal) is pronounced "ahnyhmahleh" (stress on the syllable ma)
      tavolo (table) is pronounced "tahvohloh" (stress on the first syllableta)
      perché (why, because) is pronounced "pehrkeh" (stress on the last syllable che)


      So now, according to the pronounciation table and to the above-mentioned notes,
      you should be able to pronounce correctly any Italian sound.

      Take a test with the following words:

      ITALIAN

      AUDIO SAMPLE

      ENGLISH SOUND

      MEANING

      bianco"byahnkoh"white
      strada"strahdah"road
      mare"mahreh"sea
      grazie"grahtsyeh"thanks
      luogo"lwohgoh"place, location
      amico"ahmykoh"friend
      facile"fahchyleh"(English "ch")easy
      centro"chentroh"(English "ch")center, middle
      alzare"ahltsahreh"to lift, to raise
      Parigi"Pahryjyh"Paris
  • How to learn Italian 5 - Double consonants

    Many Italian words have doubleconsonants. They can be found in any part of the word,
    but never as first letters or as last letters.

    In most cases they are followed by a vowel, as in dubbio= doubt,gatto= cat, etc.; but in some cases they may be followed by r, as in labbra= lipsattrito= friction, etc.

    Instead, another consonant can never come before a double consonant.

    Also English has several words with double consonants, for instance supple,bottle,
    abbot, and so on.

    In Italian, though, double consonants have a specific sound, while in English they are pronounced as if they were single.
    The Italian sound is obtainable by breaking the word by the double consonant; for example, as if
    the word cattle was spelt ca - ttle, i.e. with a very short suspension between the two syllables: the tt sound should therefore be heard more distinctly.


    Any consonant can be doubled, except letter h (never doubled, because it is always
    soundless), and special ones (jkwxy).


    Here you can listen to the actual sound of double consonants:

    dubbio (doubt)affare(bargain / business)
    gatto (cat)passato(past)
    labbra (lips)collare(collar)
    attrito (friction)anno (year)


    Some clusters too may be doubled:
    ...cci like English "...tchyh", as in stracci (rags)
    ...cce like English "...tcheh", as in accesso (access)


    Compounds of ...cci + vowel obviously follow the same pronounciation, dropping the i sound:
    ...ccia (sounds like "...tchah"), as in faccia (face)
    ...ccio (sounds like "...tchoh"), as in riccio (curl / porcupine)
    ...cciu sounds like "...tchuh" as in acciuga (anchovy)

    Similar clusters with g (...ggia...ggio, etc.), follow the same phonetical
    rules as above, sounding as "...djah""...djoh", etc.


    Rarely, the cluster ...ccie or ...ggie (with an i) may also occur, but
    they sound exactly as the clusters ...cce and ...gge mentioned above; in these
    cases i (merely phonetic) is also redundant, so modern spellings tend to drop it.



    Double vowels are uncommon in Italian, though possible in a few words.

    They are always pronounced as the ordinary individual ones, but in these cases a longer sound should be
    heard:
    cooperare (to cooperate)
    zii (uncles)
    veemenza (vehemence)
    riinserire (to insert again)


    Double letters, either consonants or vowels, always belong to separate syllables.
    How to divide words into their syllables is specifically dealt with by paragraph 17.3, so for the time being simply focus how the following words are divided into their own syllables:

    attrito(friction)at - tri - to
    passare (to pass)pas - sa - to
    ammazzare(to kill)am - maz - za - re
    lucchetto(padlock)luc - chet - to
    cooperazione(cooperation)co - o - pe - ra - zio - ne
    riinstallare (to install again, reinstall)ri - in - stal - la - re

    How to learn Italian 4 - Syntactic Doubling


    In standard spoken Italian, many words cause the initial
    consonant sound of the following word to be doubled. This
    phenomenon is typical of Italian pronunciation and is called
    "syntactic doubling" (raddoppiamento sintattico) or phrasal doubling..
    The following words cause a syntactic doubling :

    - all stressed (strong) monosyllables

    - many unstressed (weak) monosyllables

    - all polysyllables stressed on the final vowel (with a written accent mark)

    - some bisyllables
    In Italian dictionaries (e.g., Zingarelli, published by
    Zanichelli), the phonetic transcription of such words is followed
    by an asterisk (*). For example, the phonetic transcription of
    the conjunction "a" is /a*/. This means that "a
    presto" ("see you soon") is pronounced exactly
    like "appresto" ("I prepare").
    On the contrary, "re Carlo" ("King
    Charles") and "recarlo" ("to bring it")
    are pronounced in two different manners, because the word
    "re" (/re*/) causes the doubling of the following
    initial consonant sound. "Re Carlo" is pronounced
    /rek'karlo/.
    Weak monosyllables (such as articles; unstressed personal
    pronouns; "ci", "ne" and other particles;
    etc.) do not cause the doubling.
    Italian spelling does not indicate the doubling except when
    two words have combined to form a new one, as in E + COME =
    ECCOME, FRA + TANTO = FRATTANTO, CHI + SA = CHISSA'.
    Syntactic doubling usually occurs in standard
    pronunciation of most speakers in Central and Southern Italy. In
    Northern Italy, where there is a tendency to ignore double
    consonants in general, it is less noticeable.
    See the examples below. See also "Espressioni
    omofone scritte diversamente".
    Word causing
    syntactic

    doubling
    ExampleWord causing
    syntactic

    doubling
    Example
    Aa prestoFAfa presto
    FRAfra noiFUfu felice
    TRAtra voiE'è tardi
    SUsu RomaPUO'può fare
    Oo luiGIA'già fatto
    Ee leiPIU'più vicino
    TUtu seiLA'là sotto
    SEse vaiLI'lì sopra
    MAma noSI'sì signore
    NOno davveroNE 'né noi
    TREtre meleCOSI'così tardi
    REre CarloPERCHE'perché mai
    HOho fameMANGIO'mangiò tutto
    HAha freddoANDRA'andrà via
    SOso tuttoFARO'farò tardi
    SAsa l'oraDIRO'dirò tutto
    DOdo sempreSARA'sarà troppo
    STOsto maleCOMEcome noi
    STAsta làQUALCHEqualche volta
    VAva viaMI (note)mi minore
    CHEche fai?QUIqui sotto
    CHIchi sei?QUAqua sopra

    How to learn Italian 3 - Homographs


    Homographs are words written alike but pronounced differently. 
    We divided them in two groups:

    1) those with the accent on the same syllable. Homographs with closed and open vowel");


    2) and those stressed on different syllables (this list). 
    There are not many of these words in Italian and context usually helps
    understand their real meaning; however, the different pronunciation might create
    misunderstandings or involuntary comic effects.
    Please note that pronunciation can vary from
    region to region and educated speakers of certain regions may not follow the
    standard pronunciation given below. 
    For regional differences in pronunciation, see "L'italiano e i dialetti",
    published by Centro Studi Italiani as part of the Italian Readings on Tape series.
    To find the infinitive of verb forms and a larger number of homograph verb
    forms, see "La ricerca dell'infinito",
    published by Centro Studi Italiani. For word stress position in homograph
    forms of conjugated verbs (perdóno/perdonò), see "Le coniugazioni chiavi",
    published by Centro Studi Italiani
    One of the most common cases of resemblance is between the second person
    singular of the imperative
     and the past participle.
    Example:
    Vèstiti in fretta
    Get dressed at once 
    (Si sono) vestìti in fretta(They) got dressed in a hurry
      
    NOTA BENE: we indicate only one of several possible English equivalents for the following
    words
      
    ItalianEnglish EquivalentItalianEnglish EquivalentItalianEnglish Equivalent
     Ã ditoentrance adìto started legal proceedings__________

    >
     abbàglio
    (l') 

    blunder 



     abbaglìo
    (l') 



     dazzle 



     _____ 



     _____


     abbàino



     (that)
    they bark 



     abbaìno
    (l') 



     attic 



     _____ 



     _____

     abbàio 



     I
    bark 



     abbaìo
    (l') 



     barking 



     _____ 



     _____

     abbarbàglio 



     I
    dazzle 



     abbarbaglìo
    (l') 



     dazzle 



     _____ 



     _____


     abìlita 



     it
    qualifies 



     abilitÃ
    (l') 



     ability 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã bitino
    (l') 



     (that)
    they live 



     abitìno 



     simple/nice dress 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã bito
    (l') 



     suit,
    dress 



     abitò 



     s/he
    lived 



     _____ 



     _____


     abòmini 



     you
    hate 



     abomìni (gli) 



     abominations 



     _____ 



     _____

     accòmodati



     come
    in,

     make  yourself


     comfortable 



     accomodàti 



     repaired 



     _____ 



     _____

     accòrdio
    (l') 



     small hand organ 



     accordìo
    (l') 



     tuning (obsolete) 



     _____ 



     _____

     adùlteri 



     adulterous 



     adultèri 



     adulteries 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã gito 



     I
    shake 



     agìto 



     acted 



     agitò 



     s/he
    shook 

     aguzzìno 



     slave
    driver 



     agùzzino 



     that
    they sharpen 
     




     





     Ã ltero 



     I
    alter 



     altèro 



     proud 



     alterò 



     s/he
    altered 

     Ã mbito
    (l') 



     circle,
    sphere 



     ambìto 



     sought
    after 



     _____ 



     _____


     Ã ncora
    (l') 



     anchor 



     ancóra 



     still,
    yet 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã rbitri



     referee 



     arbìtri



     liberty 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã rista



     chine
    of pork 



     arìsta 



     ear
    of corn 



     _____ 



     _____


     asfìssia



     it
    asphyxiates 



     asfissìa



     asphyxia 



     _____ 



     _____

     attàcchino 



     (that)
    they attack/affix 



     attacchìno
    (l') 



     bill-poster 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã uguri (gli) 



     augurs



     augùri 



     wishes 



     __________
     





     Ã varo
    (l') 



     Avar



     avàro 



     stingy 



     _____ 



     _____

     bàcino 



     (that)
    they kiss 



     bacìno (il) 



     basin 



     _____ 



     _____

     bàcio 



     kiss 



     bacìo 



     facing
    north 



     _____ 



     _____

     bàglio
    (l') 



     dazzle 



     baglìo
    (l') 



     dazzling 



     _____ 



     _____

     bàlia
    (la) 



     wet
    nurse 



     balìa
    (la) 



     power 



     _____ 



     _____

     bàlzano 



     they
    jump 



     balzàno 



     odd 



     _____ 



     _____

     bécchino (beccare) 



     that
    they peck 



     becchìno 



     undertaker 



     __________
     





     benèfici 



     charitable 



     benefìci (i) 



     benefits 



     _____ 



     _____

     bòccino 



     (that)
    they reject 



     boccìno (il) 



     small
    bocce ball 



     _____ 



     _____

     bràmino 



     (that)
    they crave for 



     bramìno (il) 



     Brahmin 



     _____ 



     _____


     bùchino 



     (that)
    they make a hole 



     buchìno 



     small
    hole 



       



      

     bùttero (il) 



     cowboy 



     butterò 



     I
    will throw 



     _____ 



     _____

     calàmita 



     s/he
    attracts 



     calamìta
    (la) 



     magnet 



     calamitÃ
    (la) 



     calamity


     càlzino 



     they
    wear 



     calzìno 



     sock 



     _____ 



     _____

     càmbiale 



     change
    them 



     cambiàle
    (la) 



     bill, I.O.U. 



     _____ 



     _____

     càmpano 



     they
    live 



     campàno 



     pertaining
    to (or native of) the region of Campania 



     _____ 



     _____


     cànone 



     Canon, (monthly/yearly )flat fee 



     canòne 



     big
    dog 



       



       

     càntino 



     (that) they
    sing 



     cantìno (il) 



     high
    E string of violin or guitar 



     _____ 



     _____

     càpitano 



     they
    happen 



     capitàno (il) 



     captain 



     capitanò 



     s/he
    lead 


     càpito 



     I
    arrive 



     capìto 



     understood 



     capitò 



     s/he
    arrived 

     capìtolo (il)



     chapter 



     capitolò 



     s/he
    capitulated 



     _____ 



     _____

     circùito (il) 



     circuit 



     circuìto 



     deceived 



     _____ 



     _____


     colònia 



     colony 



     colonìa 



     farming
    contract 



     _____ 



     _____

     cómpito (il) 



     task 



     compìto 



     polite 



     compitò 



     s/he
    spelled out

     condòmini (i) 



     co-owners 



     condomìni (i) 



     condominiums



     _____ 



     _____


     crògiolo (crogiolare) 



     I
    cook on a small fire 



     crogiòlo (dell'altoforno) 



     crucible 



     _____ 



     _____

     cucìnino 



     (that)
    they cook 



     cucinìno (il)



     kitchenette 



     _____ 



     _____

     dècade
    (la) 



     decade 



     decàde 



     it
    declines 



     _____ 



     _____


     desìderi 



     you
    desire 



     desidèri (i) 



     desires 



     _____ 



     _____

     dèstino 



     (that)
    they wake up 



     destìno (il) 



     destiny 



     destinò 



     s/he
    destined 

     diménticati 



     forget
    it 



     dimenticàti 



     forgotten 



     _____ 



     _____


     esàmino 



     I
    examine 



     esamìno
    (l') 



     short
    exam 



     esaminò 



     s/he
    examined 

     Ã¨tere
    (l') 



     ether 



     etère
    (le) 



     hetaera 



     _____ 



     _____

     férmati 



     stop 



     fermàti 



     stopped 



     _____ 



     _____


     fòrmica
    (la) 



     Formica
    (brand name) 



     formìca
    (la) 



     ant 



     _____ 



     _____

     frùstino 



     (that)
    they whip 



     frustìno (il) 



     riding-whip 



     _____ 



     _____

     gorghéggio



     trill 



     gorgheggìo 



     trilling 



     gorgheggiò



     trilled


     gorgóglio 



     gurgle 



     gorgoglìo 



     gurgling 



     gorgogliò 



     gurgled

     gràvita 



     s/he
    gravitates 



     gravitÃ
    (la) 



     gravity 



     _____ 



     _____

     guài (i) 



     troubles 



     guaì 



     it
    yelped 



     _____ 



     _____


     Ã¬mpari 



     unequal 



     impàri 



     you
    learn 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã¬ndice
    (l') 



     index 



     indìce 



     s/he
    proclaims 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã¬ndico 



     I
    indicate 



     indìco 



     I
    proclaim 



     _____ 



     _____


     Ã¬ntimo 



     intimate 



     intìmo 



     I
    order 



     intimò 



     s/he
    ordered 

     intùito
    (l') 



     intuition 



     intuìto 



     perceived 



     _____ 



     _____

     inùmano (inumare) 



     they
    bury 



     inumàno (crudèle) 



     inhuman 



     _____ 



     _____


     Ã¬solano 



     they
    isolate 



     isolàno
    (l') 



     islander 



     _____ 



     _____

     lèggere 



     to
    read 



     leggère 



     light 



     _____ 



     _____

     leggèro 



     light 



     leggerò 



     I
    will read 



     _____ 



     _____


     lièvita 



     s/he
    rises 



     lievitÃ
    (la) 



     levity 



     _____ 



     _____

     lùstrino 



     that
    they shine 



     lustrìno 



     sequin 



       



       

     malèdico 



     slanderous 



     maledìco 



     I
    curse 



     _____ 



     _____


     màrtiri



     martyrs 



     martìri (supplizi) 



     martyrdom 



     _____ 



     _____

     méndico 



     I
    beg 



     mendìco (il)



     beggar 



     mendicò 



     s/he
    begged 

     mèrce 



     goods 



     mercè 



     pity 



       



       


     mèta 



     goal 



     metà 



     half 



       



       

     mondàno 



     mundane 



     mòndano 



     they
    clean 



       



       

     mugòlio (il) 



     plant
    extract (from a variety of pine) 



     mugolìo (il) 



     whining,
    moaning 



     _____ 



     _____


     nèttare (il) 



     nectar 



     nettàre 



     to
    clean 



     _____ 



     _____

     nòcciolo (il) 



     fruit
    stone 



     nocciòlo (il) 



     hazel 



     _____ 



     _____

     Omèro 



     Homer 



     Ã²mero 



     humerus 



       



       


     Ã²ccupati 



     (you)
    see to it 



     occupàti 



     busy 



     _____ 



     _____

     onèsta 



     honest 



     onestÃ
    (l') 



     honesty 



     _____ 



     _____

     Ã²vvia 



     obvious 



     ovvìa 



     come
    on! 



     _____ 



     _____


     Ã’vvio (scontato) 



     obvious 



     ovvìo (ovviare) 



     I
    remedy 



     _____ 



     _____

     pàgano 



     they
    pay 



     pagàno 



     pagan 



     _____ 



     _____

     pànico 



     panic 



     panìco 



     foxtail
    millet 



     _____ 



     _____


     pàpa 



     pope 



     papà 



     daddy 



       



       

     pàssero (il) 



     sparrow 



     passerò 



     I
    will go by 



     _____ 



     _____

     pàssino 



     that
    they go by 



     passìno (il) 



     strainer 



     _____ 



     _____


     pàttino 



     I
    skate 



     pattìno (il) 



     type
    of rowboat 



     pattinò 



     s/he
    skated 

     pèrdono 



     they
    lose 



     perdóno (il) 



     pardon 



     perdonò 



     s/he
    pardoned 

     péro (il) 



     pear
    tree 



     però 



     but,
    however 



     _____ 



     _____


     perséguito 



     I
    persecute 



     perseguìto 



     pursued 



     perseguitò 



     s/he
    persecuted

     pòrtale 



     bring
    them 



     portàle (il) 



     portal 



     _____ 



     _____

     prèdica
    (la) 



     sermon 



     predìca 



     that
    s/he foretell 



     _____ 



     _____


     prèdico 



     I
    preach 



     predìco 



     I
    predict 



     predicò 



     s/he
    preached 

     prèsidi (delle scuole)



     principals 



     presìdi (difese, aiuti) 



     garrisons 



     _____ 



     _____

     prèsso 



     near 



     pressò 



     s/he
    pressed 



     _____ 



     _____


     prìncipi (i) 



     princes 



     princìpi (i) 



     principles 



     _____ 



     _____

     pròtesi
    (la) 



     prosthesis 



     protési 



     stretched 



     _____ 



     _____

     pròvino 



     (that)
    they try 



     provìno (il) 



     screen-test 



     _____ 



     _____


     ràschio 



     clearing
    of one's throat 



     raschìo 



     scraping 



     _____ 



     _____

     rasségnati 



     (you)
    accept it 



     rassegnàti 



     resigned 



     _____ 



     _____

     règia 



     regal 



     regìa
    (la) 



     movie/stage
    direction 



     _____ 



     _____


     rètina 



     retina 



     retìna 



     hair-net 



     _____ 



     _____

     rùbino 



     (that)
    they steal 



     rubìno (il) 



     ruby 



     _____ 



     _____

     Sàra 



     Proper
    name 



     sarà 



     It
    will be 



     _____ 



     _____


     scàldino 



     (that)
    they heat 



     scaldìno
    (lo) 



     brazier 



     _____ 



     _____

     scàmpano 



     they escape 



     scampàno 



     I
    flare (a skirt) 



     _____ 



     _____

     scàrtino 



     (that)
    they discard 



     scartìno
    (lo) 



     slip
    sheet 



     _____ 



     _____


     scrìvano 



     (that)
    they write 



     scrivàno
    (lo) 



     copyist 



     _____ 



     _____

     sdrùcio 



     tear,
    rip 



     sdrucìo 



     ripping 



     _____ 



     _____

    sciàmano 



    they swarm 



    sciamàno 



    shaman 



     _____ 



     _____


     séguito (il) 



     entourage 



     seguìto 



     followed 



     seguitò 



     s/he
    continued 

     spìano 



     they
    spy 



     spiàno 



     I
    level 



     spianò 



     he
    leveled 

     stànzino 



     (that)
    they allocate 



     stanzìno
    (lo) 



     small
    storage room 



     _____ 



     _____


     stropìccio (stropicciare) 



     I
    rub 



     stropiccìo (lo) 



     rubbing 



     _____ 



     _____

     sùbito 



     at
    once 



     subìto 



     endured 



     _____ 



     _____

     témperino 



     (that)
    they temper 



     temperìno 



     pocket
    knife 



       



       


     tèndine (il) 



     tendon 



     tendìne
    (le) 



     window
    curtains 



     _____ 



     _____

     tèrmite 



     termite 



     termìte 



     termite 



     _____ 



     _____

     tèste 



     witness 



     testè 



     a
    short time ago 



       



       


     tórtore 



     doves 



     tortóre 



     club,
    baton 



     _____ 



     _____

     tràttino 



     that
    they treat 



     trattìno (il) 



     dash,
    hyphen 



     _____ 



     _____

     tùrbina 



     it
    whirls 



     turbìna
    (la) 



     turbine 



     _____ 



     _____


     tùrbine (il) 



     whirl 



     turbìne
    (le) 



     turbines 



     _____ 



     _____

     unìta 



     united 



     unità 



     unity 



       



       

     vàluta 



     s/he
    values 



     valùta 



     currency 



     _____ 



     _____


     venèfici 



     poisonous 



     venefìci (i) 



     poisonings 



     _____ 



     _____

     vicària 



     vicarious 



     vicarìa 



     vicariate 



     _____ 



     _____

     vìola 



     s/he
    violates 



     viòla
    (la) 



     violet; viola (mus. instr.) 



     _____ 



     _____


     vìolino 



     (that)
    they violate 



     violìno (il) 



     violin 



     _____ 



     _____

     vìolo 



     I
    violate 



     viòlo 



     violet
    (dialect) 



     violò 



     s/he
    violated 

     vólano 



     they
    fly 



     volàno (il) 



     fly-wheel 



     _____ 



     _____
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