Italian Articles and Demonstratives
Note: If you use that and those as a subject, use these four forms: quello for masculine singular, quella for feminine singular, quelli for masculine plural, and quelle for feminine plural. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Showing posts with label italian. Show all posts
Showing posts with label italian. Show all posts
Tuesday, January 25, 2011
How to learn Italian 7 - Italian articles
How to learn Italian 6 - Italian vowels
The pronounciation of the Italian consonants should not be difficult for
English-speakers, but most vowels have a different sound. There are two
important issues to be kept well in mind:
In Italian, the pronounciation of the vowels does not change according to the
word (only e and o have "wide" and "narrow" sounds, but the difference is not so great),
whereas for instance an English "e" is pronounced in different ways (leave, hen,break).
As a general rule, the sound of Italian vowels is not affected by other letters. There is only one exception, already discussed in the previous
paragraph 1.2: when i belongs to particular
clusters, its sound is not heard.
The Italian vowels are always pronounced clipped, i.e. with a very short
duration (sound length), whereas in English they are often held, so to obtain
a "long" sound, particularly when they are at the end of a word. For example,
the English undergo is pronounced as if the word was spelt undergoe,
i.e. with a long duration, although the word ends with o alone.
In Italian, this o would sound shorter, as if the word was spelt undergoh,
(without pronouncing the h), and the great majority of Italian words ends
in a similar way, i.e. with a vowel.
Vowels are the greatest obstacle in attempting to mimic the Italian sound
by using syllables pronounced in the English way; there is no other way to
obtain clipped vowels than to add an "h" after each of them (ah, eh, oh, etc.)
This phonetic spelling looks a little awkward, for instance
libreria (for bookshop) looks like "lyhbrehryhah"; but
this will no longer be necessary once the student has fully learned
the basic pronounciation rules. Practice hard your vowels, so to get
rid of these funny spellings very soon!
In these early chapters, a phonetic spelling (i.e. the English spelling of the
word's actual sound), between quotation marks and in italics style,
has been added to each Italian word, as a further help for the beginner; at
more advanced stages, it will be abandoned, assuming that the student has
gradually become confident with the pronounciation rules.
The introduction paragraph (see
GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF THESE
PAGES) shows a few examples, and explains why I preferred to use this
method rather than the international phonetic system.
Here are some further notes about the phonetic spelling you'll find in these pages:
English-speakers, but most vowels have a different sound. There are two
important issues to be kept well in mind:
word (only e and o have "wide" and "narrow" sounds, but the difference is not so great),
whereas for instance an English "e" is pronounced in different ways (leave, hen,break).
As a general rule, the sound of Italian vowels is not affected by other letters. There is only one exception, already discussed in the previous
paragraph 1.2: when i belongs to particular
clusters, its sound is not heard.
duration (sound length), whereas in English they are often held, so to obtain
a "long" sound, particularly when they are at the end of a word. For example,
the English undergo is pronounced as if the word was spelt undergoe,
i.e. with a long duration, although the word ends with o alone.
In Italian, this o would sound shorter, as if the word was spelt undergoh,
(without pronouncing the h), and the great majority of Italian words ends
in a similar way, i.e. with a vowel.
Vowels are the greatest obstacle in attempting to mimic the Italian sound
by using syllables pronounced in the English way; there is no other way to
obtain clipped vowels than to add an "h" after each of them (ah, eh, oh, etc.)
This phonetic spelling looks a little awkward, for instance
libreria (for bookshop) looks like "lyhbrehryhah"; but
this will no longer be necessary once the student has fully learned
the basic pronounciation rules. Practice hard your vowels, so to get
rid of these funny spellings very soon!
In these early chapters, a phonetic spelling (i.e. the English spelling of the
word's actual sound), between quotation marks and in italics style,
has been added to each Italian word, as a further help for the beginner; at
more advanced stages, it will be abandoned, assuming that the student has
gradually become confident with the pronounciation rules.
The introduction paragraph (see
GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF THESE
PAGES) shows a few examples, and explains why I preferred to use this
method rather than the international phonetic system.
Here are some further notes about the phonetic spelling you'll find in these pages:
- The sound of the Italian vowel a is obtained by spelling it
"..ah..", always sounding
as in bath,
but obviously clipped, i.e. much shorter than in English.
- The Italian e is spelt "..eh..": it may sound as letter
e in bet,
or as letter a in may
not pronouncing the y.
- The Italian i is spelt "..yh.." or "..y..", always
sounding as the letter y in gym;
- The Italian o is spelt "..oh..", sometimes sounding as
letter o in box, and
sometimes as in coal,
though with a shorter sound than in English.
- The Italian u is spelt "..w..", always sounding
as letter w in want.
- The Italian c is spelt "..k.." when its sound is "strong" (guttural),
as in card, come.
The "soft" (palatal) sound, like the English cluster ch in
church or
cheese, is spelt "..ch.."
(in reading the phonetic spelling remember not to omit the sound of h!).
- In a similar way, the Italian g is spelt "..g..",
when its sound is "strong" (guttural), as in goal,
guide;
its "soft" (palatal) sound, like an English j, is
spelt "..j..", sounding like jam or
jungle.
- The Italian cluster sc is spelt "..sh.." when the sound
matches the English cluster sh in
shade or fish (again, do not omit the sound of h in this case!).
- The Italian gn sound is spelt using a Spanish "..ñ..",
as señor.
- For the Italian cluster gl another Spanish group has been used,
"..ll.." (always with a reminder note). In the GRAMMAR AND
EXERCISES section of this website, this phonetic spelling has been preferred,
because it is the closest to the Italian pronounciation.
Instead, in the USEFUL EXPRESSIONS sections I preferred to
use its quasi-equivalent English ...lly... spelling,
because the readers whose only purpose is that to use the sentences on a holiday,
would find this spelling easier to understand, without having to learn the language
in depth.
- The sound of the Italian r is always "rolled": there is no graphic way
for showing this, so simply keep in mind the pronounciation of this letter.
ACCENT (or STRESS)
Accent will be the subject of paragraph 1.5, but I would like to introduce in advance that in the phonetic (English sound) spelling, the syllable that carries the stress is shown in bold letters: these syllables carry the stress in pronouncing the relevant word.
For example:
animale (animal) is pronounced "ahnyhmahleh" (stress on the syllable ma)
tavolo (table) is pronounced "tahvohloh" (stress on the first syllableta)
perché (why, because) is pronounced "pehrkeh" (stress on the last syllable che)
So now, according to the pronounciation table and to the above-mentioned notes,
you should be able to pronounce correctly any Italian sound.
Take a test with the following words:
ITALIAN
AUDIO SAMPLE
ENGLISH SOUND
MEANING
bianco "byahnkoh" white strada "strahdah" road mare "mahreh" sea grazie "grahtsyeh" thanks luogo "lwohgoh" place, location amico "ahmykoh" friend facile "fahchyleh"(English "ch") easy centro "chentroh"(English "ch") center, middle alzare "ahltsahreh" to lift, to raise Parigi "Pahryjyh" Paris
How to learn Italian 5 - Double consonants
Many Italian words have doubleconsonants. They can be found in any part of the word,
but never as first letters or as last letters.
In most cases they are followed by a vowel, as in dubbio= doubt,gatto= cat, etc.; but in some cases they may be followed by r, as in labbra= lips, attrito= friction, etc.
Instead, another consonant can never come before a double consonant.
Also English has several words with double consonants, for instance supple,bottle,
abbot, and so on.
In Italian, though, double consonants have a specific sound, while in English they are pronounced as if they were single.
The Italian sound is obtainable by breaking the word by the double consonant; for example, as if
the word cattle was spelt ca - ttle, i.e. with a very short suspension between the two syllables: the tt sound should therefore be heard more distinctly.
Any consonant can be doubled, except letter h (never doubled, because it is always
soundless), and special ones (j, k, w, x, y).
Here you can listen to the actual sound of double consonants:
but never as first letters or as last letters.
In most cases they are followed by a vowel, as in dubbio= doubt,gatto= cat, etc.; but in some cases they may be followed by r, as in labbra= lips, attrito= friction, etc.
Instead, another consonant can never come before a double consonant.
Also English has several words with double consonants, for instance supple,bottle,
abbot, and so on.
In Italian, though, double consonants have a specific sound, while in English they are pronounced as if they were single.
The Italian sound is obtainable by breaking the word by the double consonant; for example, as if
the word cattle was spelt ca - ttle, i.e. with a very short suspension between the two syllables: the tt sound should therefore be heard more distinctly.
Any consonant can be doubled, except letter h (never doubled, because it is always
soundless), and special ones (j, k, w, x, y).
Here you can listen to the actual sound of double consonants:
dubbio (doubt) affare(bargain / business) gatto (cat) passato(past) labbra (lips) collare(collar) attrito (friction) anno (year)
Some clusters too may be doubled:
...cci like English "...tchyh", as in stracci (rags) ...cce like English "...tcheh", as in accesso (access)
Compounds of ...cci + vowel obviously follow the same pronounciation, dropping the i sound:
...ccia (sounds like "...tchah"), as in faccia (face) ...ccio (sounds like "...tchoh"), as in riccio (curl / porcupine) ...cciu sounds like "...tchuh" as in acciuga (anchovy)
Similar clusters with g (...ggia, ...ggio, etc.), follow the same phonetical
rules as above, sounding as "...djah", "...djoh", etc.
Rarely, the cluster ...ccie or ...ggie (with an i) may also occur, but
they sound exactly as the clusters ...cce and ...gge mentioned above; in these
cases i (merely phonetic) is also redundant, so modern spellings tend to drop it.
Double vowels are uncommon in Italian, though possible in a few words.
They are always pronounced as the ordinary individual ones, but in these cases a longer sound should be
heard:
cooperare (to cooperate) zii (uncles) veemenza (vehemence) riinserire (to insert again)
Double letters, either consonants or vowels, always belong to separate syllables.
How to divide words into their syllables is specifically dealt with by paragraph 17.3, so for the time being simply focus how the following words are divided into their own syllables:
attrito(friction) at - tri - to passare (to pass) pas - sa - to ammazzare(to kill) am - maz - za - re lucchetto(padlock) luc - chet - to cooperazione(cooperation) co - o - pe - ra - zio - ne riinstallare (to install again, reinstall) ri - in - stal - la - re
How to learn Italian 4 - Syntactic Doubling
In standard spoken Italian, many words cause the initial
consonant sound of the following word to be doubled. This
phenomenon is typical of Italian pronunciation and is called
"syntactic doubling" (raddoppiamento sintattico) or phrasal doubling..
consonant sound of the following word to be doubled. This
phenomenon is typical of Italian pronunciation and is called
"syntactic doubling" (raddoppiamento sintattico) or phrasal doubling..
The following words cause a syntactic doubling :
- all stressed (strong) monosyllables
- many unstressed (weak) monosyllables
- all polysyllables stressed on the final vowel (with a written accent mark)
- some bisyllables
- all stressed (strong) monosyllables
- many unstressed (weak) monosyllables
- all polysyllables stressed on the final vowel (with a written accent mark)
- some bisyllables
In Italian dictionaries (e.g., Zingarelli, published by
Zanichelli), the phonetic transcription of such words is followed
by an asterisk (*). For example, the phonetic transcription of
the conjunction "a" is /a*/. This means that "a
presto" ("see you soon") is pronounced exactly
like "appresto" ("I prepare").
Zanichelli), the phonetic transcription of such words is followed
by an asterisk (*). For example, the phonetic transcription of
the conjunction "a" is /a*/. This means that "a
presto" ("see you soon") is pronounced exactly
like "appresto" ("I prepare").
On the contrary, "re Carlo" ("King
Charles") and "recarlo" ("to bring it")
are pronounced in two different manners, because the word
"re" (/re*/) causes the doubling of the following
initial consonant sound. "Re Carlo" is pronounced
/rek'karlo/.
Charles") and "recarlo" ("to bring it")
are pronounced in two different manners, because the word
"re" (/re*/) causes the doubling of the following
initial consonant sound. "Re Carlo" is pronounced
/rek'karlo/.
Weak monosyllables (such as articles; unstressed personal
pronouns; "ci", "ne" and other particles;
etc.) do not cause the doubling.
pronouns; "ci", "ne" and other particles;
etc.) do not cause the doubling.
Italian spelling does not indicate the doubling except when
two words have combined to form a new one, as in E + COME =
ECCOME, FRA + TANTO = FRATTANTO, CHI + SA = CHISSA'.
two words have combined to form a new one, as in E + COME =
ECCOME, FRA + TANTO = FRATTANTO, CHI + SA = CHISSA'.
Syntactic doubling usually occurs in standard
pronunciation of most speakers in Central and Southern Italy. In
Northern Italy, where there is a tendency to ignore double
consonants in general, it is less noticeable.
pronunciation of most speakers in Central and Southern Italy. In
Northern Italy, where there is a tendency to ignore double
consonants in general, it is less noticeable.
See the examples below. See also "Espressioni
omofone scritte diversamente".
omofone scritte diversamente".
| Word causing syntactic doubling | Example | Word causing syntactic doubling | Example |
| A | a presto | FA | fa presto |
| FRA | fra noi | FU | fu felice |
| TRA | tra voi | E' | è tardi |
| SU | su Roma | PUO' | può fare |
| O | o lui | GIA' | già fatto |
| E | e lei | PIU' | più vicino |
| TU | tu sei | LA' | là sotto |
| SE | se vai | LI' | lì sopra |
| MA | ma no | SI' | sì signore |
| NO | no davvero | NE ' | né noi |
| TRE | tre mele | COSI' | così tardi |
| RE | re Carlo | PERCHE' | perché mai |
| HO | ho fame | MANGIO' | mangiò tutto |
| HA | ha freddo | ANDRA' | andrà via |
| SO | so tutto | FARO' | farò tardi |
| SA | sa l'ora | DIRO' | dirò tutto |
| DO | do sempre | SARA' | sarà troppo |
| STO | sto male | COME | come noi |
| STA | sta là | QUALCHE | qualche volta |
| VA | va via | MI (note) | mi minore |
| CHE | che fai? | QUI | qui sotto |
| CHI | chi sei? | QUA | qua sopra |
How to learn Italian 3 - Homographs
Homographs are words written alike but pronounced differently.
We divided them in two groups:
1) those with the accent on the same syllable. Homographs with closed and open vowel");
2) and those stressed on different syllables (this list).
1) those with the accent on the same syllable. Homographs with closed and open vowel");
2) and those stressed on different syllables (this list).
There are not many of these words in Italian and context usually helps
understand their real meaning; however, the different pronunciation might create
misunderstandings or involuntary comic effects.
understand their real meaning; however, the different pronunciation might create
misunderstandings or involuntary comic effects.
Please note that pronunciation can vary from
region to region and educated speakers of certain regions may not follow the
standard pronunciation given below.
region to region and educated speakers of certain regions may not follow the
standard pronunciation given below.
For regional differences in pronunciation, see "L'italiano e i dialetti",
published by Centro Studi Italiani as part of the Italian Readings on Tape series.
published by Centro Studi Italiani as part of the Italian Readings on Tape series.
To find the infinitive of verb forms and a larger number of homograph verb
forms, see "La ricerca dell'infinito",
published by Centro Studi Italiani. For word stress position in homograph
forms of conjugated verbs (perdóno/perdonò), see "Le coniugazioni chiavi",
published by Centro Studi Italiani.
forms, see "La ricerca dell'infinito",
published by Centro Studi Italiani. For word stress position in homograph
forms of conjugated verbs (perdóno/perdonò), see "Le coniugazioni chiavi",
published by Centro Studi Italiani.
One of the most common cases of resemblance is between the second person
singular of the imperative and the past participle.
singular of the imperative and the past participle.
Example:
| Vèstiti in fretta | Get dressed at once |
| (Si sono) vestìti in fretta | (They) got dressed in a hurry |
NOTA BENE: we indicate only one of several possible English equivalents for the following
words.
words.
| Italian | English Equivalent | Italian | English Equivalent | Italian | English Equivalent |
| à dito | entrance | adìto | started legal proceedings | _____ | _____ |
> abbà glio (l') | blunder | abbaglìo (l') | dazzle | _____ | _____ |
abbà ino | (that) they bark | abbaìno (l') | attic | _____ | _____ |
abbà io | I bark | abbaìo (l') | barking | _____ | _____ |
abbarbà glio | I dazzle | abbarbaglìo (l') | dazzle | _____ | _____ |
abìlita | it qualifies | abilità (l') | ability | _____ | _____ |
à bitino (l') | (that) they live | abitìno | simple/nice dress | _____ | _____ |
à bito (l') | suit, dress | abitò | s/he lived | _____ | _____ |
abòmini | you hate | abomìni (gli) | abominations | _____ | _____ |
accòmodati | come in, make yourself comfortable | accomodà ti | repaired | _____ | _____ |
accòrdio (l') | small hand organ | accordìo (l') | tuning (obsolete) | _____ | _____ |
adùlteri | adulterous | adultèri | adulteries | _____ | _____ |
à gito | I shake | agìto | acted | agitò | s/he shook |
aguzzìno | slave driver | agùzzino | that they sharpen | | |
à ltero | I alter | altèro | proud | alterò | s/he altered |
à mbito (l') | circle, sphere | ambìto | sought after | _____ | _____ |
à ncora (l') | anchor | ancóra | still, yet | _____ | _____ |
à rbitri | referee | arbìtri | liberty | _____ | _____ |
à rista | chine of pork | arìsta | ear of corn | _____ | _____ |
asfìssia | it asphyxiates | asfissìa | asphyxia | _____ | _____ |
attà cchino | (that) they attack/affix | attacchìno (l') | bill-poster | _____ | _____ |
à uguri (gli) | augurs | augùri | wishes | __________ | |
à varo (l') | Avar | avà ro | stingy | _____ | _____ |
bà cino | (that) they kiss | bacìno (il) | basin | _____ | _____ |
bà cio | kiss | bacìo | facing north | _____ | _____ |
bà glio (l') | dazzle | baglìo (l') | dazzling | _____ | _____ |
bà lia (la) | wet nurse | balìa (la) | power | _____ | _____ |
bà lzano | they jump | balzà no | odd | _____ | _____ |
bécchino (beccare) | that they peck | becchìno | undertaker | __________ | |
benèfici | charitable | benefìci (i) | benefits | _____ | _____ |
bòccino | (that) they reject | boccìno (il) | small bocce ball | _____ | _____ |
brà mino | (that) they crave for | bramìno (il) | Brahmin | _____ | _____ |
bùchino | (that) they make a hole | buchìno | small hole | ||
bùttero (il) | cowboy | butterò | I will throw | _____ | _____ |
calà mita | s/he attracts | calamìta (la) | magnet | calamità (la) | calamity |
cà lzino | they wear | calzìno | sock | _____ | _____ |
cà mbiale | change them | cambià le (la) | bill, I.O.U. | _____ | _____ |
cà mpano | they live | campà no | pertaining to (or native of) the region of Campania | _____ | _____ |
cà none | Canon, (monthly/yearly )flat fee | canòne | big dog | ||
cà ntino | (that) they sing | cantìno (il) | high E string of violin or guitar | _____ | _____ |
cà pitano | they happen | capità no (il) | captain | capitanò | s/he lead |
cà pito | I arrive | capìto | understood | capitò | s/he arrived |
capìtolo (il) | chapter | capitolò | s/he capitulated | _____ | _____ |
circùito (il) | circuit | circuìto | deceived | _____ | _____ |
colònia | colony | colonìa | farming contract | _____ | _____ |
cómpito (il) | task | compìto | polite | compitò | s/he spelled out |
condòmini (i) | co-owners | condomìni (i) | condominiums | _____ | _____ |
crògiolo (crogiolare) | I cook on a small fire | crogiòlo (dell'altoforno) | crucible | _____ | _____ |
cucìnino | (that) they cook | cucinìno (il) | kitchenette | _____ | _____ |
dècade (la) | decade | decà de | it declines | _____ | _____ |
desìderi | you desire | desidèri (i) | desires | _____ | _____ |
dèstino | (that) they wake up | destìno (il) | destiny | destinò | s/he destined |
diménticati | forget it | dimenticà ti | forgotten | _____ | _____ |
esà mino | I examine | esamìno (l') | short exam | esaminò | s/he examined |
ètere (l') | ether | etère (le) | hetaera | _____ | _____ |
férmati | stop | fermà ti | stopped | _____ | _____ |
fòrmica (la) | Formica (brand name) | formìca (la) | ant | _____ | _____ |
frùstino | (that) they whip | frustìno (il) | riding-whip | _____ | _____ |
gorghéggio | trill | gorgheggìo | trilling | gorgheggiò | trilled |
gorgóglio | gurgle | gorgoglìo | gurgling | gorgogliò | gurgled |
grà vita | s/he gravitates | gravità (la) | gravity | _____ | _____ |
guà i (i) | troubles | guaì | it yelped | _____ | _____ |
ìmpari | unequal | impà ri | you learn | _____ | _____ |
ìndice (l') | index | indìce | s/he proclaims | _____ | _____ |
ìndico | I indicate | indìco | I proclaim | _____ | _____ |
ìntimo | intimate | intìmo | I order | intimò | s/he ordered |
intùito (l') | intuition | intuìto | perceived | _____ | _____ |
inùmano (inumare) | they bury | inumà no (crudèle) | inhuman | _____ | _____ |
ìsolano | they isolate | isolà no (l') | islander | _____ | _____ |
lèggere | to read | leggère | light | _____ | _____ |
leggèro | light | leggerò | I will read | _____ | _____ |
lièvita | s/he rises | lievità (la) | levity | _____ | _____ |
lùstrino | that they shine | lustrìno | sequin | ||
malèdico | slanderous | maledìco | I curse | _____ | _____ |
mà rtiri | martyrs | martìri (supplizi) | martyrdom | _____ | _____ |
méndico | I beg | mendìco (il) | beggar | mendicò | s/he begged |
mèrce | goods | mercè | pity | ||
mèta | goal | metà | half | ||
mondà no | mundane | mòndano | they clean | ||
mugòlio (il) | plant extract (from a variety of pine) | mugolìo (il) | whining, moaning | _____ | _____ |
nèttare (il) | nectar | nettà re | to clean | _____ | _____ |
nòcciolo (il) | fruit stone | nocciòlo (il) | hazel | _____ | _____ |
Omèro | Homer | òmero | humerus | ||
òccupati | (you) see to it | occupà ti | busy | _____ | _____ |
onèsta | honest | onestà (l') | honesty | _____ | _____ |
òvvia | obvious | ovvìa | come on! | _____ | _____ |
Òvvio (scontato) | obvious | ovvìo (ovviare) | I remedy | _____ | _____ |
pà gano | they pay | pagà no | pagan | _____ | _____ |
pà nico | panic | panìco | foxtail millet | _____ | _____ |
pà pa | pope | papà | daddy | ||
pà ssero (il) | sparrow | passerò | I will go by | _____ | _____ |
pà ssino | that they go by | passìno (il) | strainer | _____ | _____ |
pà ttino | I skate | pattìno (il) | type of rowboat | pattinò | s/he skated |
pèrdono | they lose | perdóno (il) | pardon | perdonò | s/he pardoned |
péro (il) | pear tree | però | but, however | _____ | _____ |
perséguito | I persecute | perseguìto | pursued | perseguitò | s/he persecuted |
pòrtale | bring them | portà le (il) | portal | _____ | _____ |
prèdica (la) | sermon | predìca | that s/he foretell | _____ | _____ |
prèdico | I preach | predìco | I predict | predicò | s/he preached |
prèsidi (delle scuole) | principals | presìdi (difese, aiuti) | garrisons | _____ | _____ |
prèsso | near | pressò | s/he pressed | _____ | _____ |
prìncipi (i) | princes | princìpi (i) | principles | _____ | _____ |
pròtesi (la) | prosthesis | protési | stretched | _____ | _____ |
pròvino | (that) they try | provìno (il) | screen-test | _____ | _____ |
rà schio | clearing of one's throat | raschìo | scraping | _____ | _____ |
rasségnati | (you) accept it | rassegnà ti | resigned | _____ | _____ |
règia | regal | regìa (la) | movie/stage direction | _____ | _____ |
rètina | retina | retìna | hair-net | _____ | _____ |
rùbino | (that) they steal | rubìno (il) | ruby | _____ | _____ |
Sà ra | Proper name | sarà | It will be | _____ | _____ |
scà ldino | (that) they heat | scaldìno (lo) | brazier | _____ | _____ |
scà mpano | they escape | scampà no | I flare (a skirt) | _____ | _____ |
scà rtino | (that) they discard | scartìno (lo) | slip sheet | _____ | _____ |
scrìvano | (that) they write | scrivà no (lo) | copyist | _____ | _____ |
sdrùcio | tear, rip | sdrucìo | ripping | _____ | _____ |
scià mano | they swarm | sciamà no | shaman | _____ | _____ |
séguito (il) | entourage | seguìto | followed | seguitò | s/he continued |
spìano | they spy | spià no | I level | spianò | he leveled |
stà nzino | (that) they allocate | stanzìno (lo) | small storage room | _____ | _____ |
stropìccio (stropicciare) | I rub | stropiccìo (lo) | rubbing | _____ | _____ |
sùbito | at once | subìto | endured | _____ | _____ |
témperino | (that) they temper | temperìno | knife | ||
tèndine (il) | tendon | tendìne (le) | window curtains | _____ | _____ |
tèrmite | termite | termìte | termite | _____ | _____ |
tèste | witness | testè | a short time ago | ||
tórtore | doves | tortóre | club, baton | _____ | _____ |
trà ttino | that they treat | trattìno (il) | dash, hyphen | _____ | _____ |
tùrbina | it whirls | turbìna (la) | turbine | _____ | _____ |
tùrbine (il) | whirl | turbìne (le) | turbines | _____ | _____ |
unìta | united | unità | unity | ||
và luta | s/he values | valùta | currency | _____ | _____ |
venèfici | poisonous | venefìci (i) | poisonings | _____ | _____ |
vicà ria | vicarious | vicarìa | vicariate | _____ | _____ |
vìola | s/he violates | viòla (la) | violet; viola (mus. instr.) | _____ | _____ |
vìolino | (that) they violate | violìno (il) | violin | _____ | _____ |
vìolo | I violate | viòlo | violet (dialect) | violò | s/he violated |
vólano | they fly | volà no (il) | fly-wheel | _____ | _____ |
© 2002 - 2003 by Centro Studi Italiani TM
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