How to learn effectively

Students who don't ace tests are often labelled as lazy orinattentive. If you aren't doing well in school, or are struggling, then don't dismiss yourself as dumb, or the teachers asuseless - it may be a variety of subtle things that are drawing potential away from your learning.

Make things more interesting for you and you will start learning more effectively. Simple things, like learning to listen, taking notes and being more organized can maximize your learning 

1. 1
   Figure out which learning styles work best for you. The basics are learning by seeing, doing, and hearing. Think back on something you remember well from class; was it a hands-on activity? Did the teacher give you a detailed essay? Were you given a handout? Once you know how you learn it can be done better. There are also tests available on the internet to determine your learning style.
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2. 2
   Benefit by doing. Hands-on activities are great, as they stick in your memory and help you more:
   • When you perform experiments in class, make sure that you concentrate.
   • Actually write down notes, even when they're not required during a lecture. The more open your mind is, the faster information will stick.
   • Alternatively, instead of taking notes, record the lecture on a mini-recorder and devote your attention to listening; use the recording to create notes afterwards. This extra step takes time, but makes use of what psychologists call the "dual-coding hypothesis", where you are more likely to learn something if you experience it in two different ways (i.e. listening and writing, in this case).
3. 3
   Rid yourself of distractions while learning. Cell phones, music, and your chatty partner distract you from your instructor. Sit in a suitable place, as classes are for concentrating, not talking to your friends. Keep valuables in a bag, or far away enough for them not to attract your attention.
4. 4
   Establish good relationships with your teachers. If you hate your teachers, then you will have a lot of trouble learning. Be polite and show respect, and put in some effort, and your teachers will hold a liking for you that will make classes more pleasant.
5. 5
   Set small goals for yourself. For example, take notes during class, and at the end of the week, see if you can write a short essay based on the material you've been learning. Before you begin a new unit, write down some questions on the topic, and at the end of each lesson, see how many of them you can answer. Each time you accomplish a goal, reward yourself by buying a CD or item of clothing, going out and having fun, or just taking a break.
6. 6
   Make things more interesting by figuring out a way to make classes more pleasant. Finds ways to motivate yourself:
   • Find something about the topic you are learning that interests you and focus on learning as much as you can about it. The more you want to learn, the more you will learn.
   • Find a "study buddy" - that is, a friend or classmate to study with. Hold small tests/quizzes for each other, discuss things you don't understand or that interest you, or take notes together. Having someone's company can motivate you more.
7. 7
   See if you can summarize what you learned into a little notebook after class. Jot down a sentence or two that you can look back and recall the day with.
8. 8
   Ask for help if you're struggling. Many people don't do this. If you find you are struggling, know that almost all teachers want to help you catch up. See if your school has a resource room you could use during study halls or go directly to your teacher

9. Tips

   • If you're having trouble understanding your course's material, ask for help from a teacher, parent, or from a classmate who grasps the concept. Don't be embarrassed, or feel stupid, because your studies are very important, and any problems that you're having deserve to be addressed.
   • Set yourself a large reward to motivate you overall. For example, allow yourself to buy an expensive item or do something luxurious if your overall grades have improved greatly.
   • Try be more observant. Inside and outside of class, practise listening and remembering details. Think of classes as another way to sharpen your observational skills.
   • If your school offers tuition or any kind of special help, consider going for it.

How to learn Italian 7 - Italian articles

Italian Articles and Demonstratives Definite Article - The Masculine Feminine il eel sing., before consonants la lah sing., before consonants lo low sing., before z, gn, or s + cons. l' l sing., before vowels l' l sing., before vowels i ee plural, before consonants le leh plural, before consonants and vowels gli lyee plural, before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons. Indefinite Articles - A, an, some Masculine Feminine A, An un oon before consonant or vowel una oon-ah before consonants uno oon-oh before z, gn, or s + consonant un' oon before vowels Some dei day before consonants delle dell-eh before vowels and consonants degli deh-lyee before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons. Demonstratives - This, that, these, and those This and these This These Masc. questo questi before a consonant quest' questi before a vowel Fem. questa queste before a consonant quest' queste before a vowel That and those That Those Masc. quel quei before a consonant quell' quegli before a vowel quello quegli before z, gn, or s + consonant Fem. quella quelle before a consonant quell' quelle before a vowel Note:  If you use that and those as a subject, use these four forms: quello for masculine singular, quella for feminine singular, quelli for masculine plural, and quelle for feminine plural.

How to learn Italian 6 - Italian vowels

The pronounciation of the Italian consonants should not be difficult for
English-speakers, but most vowels have a different sound. There are two
important issues to be kept well in mind:

In Italian, the pronounciation of the vowels does not change according to the
word (only e and o have "wide" and "narrow" sounds, but the difference is not so great),
whereas for instance an English "e" is pronounced in different ways (leave, hen,break).


As a general rule, the sound of Italian vowels is not affected by other letters. There is only one exception, already discussed in the previous
paragraph 1.2: when i belongs to particular
clusters, its sound is not heard.

The Italian vowels are always pronounced clipped, i.e. with a very short
duration (sound length), whereas in English they are often held, so to obtain
a "long" sound, particularly when they are at the end of a word. For example,
the English undergo is pronounced as if the word was spelt undergoe,
i.e. with a long duration, although the word ends with o alone.


In Italian, this o would sound shorter, as if the word was spelt undergoh,
(without pronouncing the h), and the great majority of Italian words ends
in a similar way, i.e. with a vowel.


Vowels are the greatest obstacle in attempting to mimic the Italian sound
by using syllables pronounced in the English way; there is no other way to
obtain clipped vowels than to add an "h" after each of them (ah, eh, oh, etc.)
This phonetic spelling looks a little awkward, for instance
libreria (for bookshop) looks like "lyhbrehryhah"; but
this will no longer be necessary once the student has fully learned
the basic pronounciation rules. Practice hard your vowels, so to get
rid of these funny spellings very soon!


In these early chapters, a phonetic spelling (i.e. the English spelling of the
word's actual sound), between quotation marks and in italics style,
has been added to each Italian word, as a further help for the beginner; at
more advanced stages, it will be abandoned, assuming that the student has
gradually become confident with the pronounciation rules.

The introduction paragraph (see
GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF THESE
PAGES) shows a few examples, and explains why I preferred to use this
method rather than the international phonetic system.


Here are some further notes about the phonetic spelling you'll find in these pages:

• The sound of the Italian vowel a is obtained by spelling it
  "..ah..", always sounding
  as in bath,
  but obviously clipped, i.e. much shorter than in English.
  
• The Italian e is spelt "..eh..": it may sound as letter
  e in bet,
  or as letter a in may
  
  not pronouncing the y.
  
• The Italian i is spelt "..yh.." or "..y..", always
  sounding as the letter y in gym;
  
• The Italian o is spelt "..oh..", sometimes sounding as
  letter o in box, and
  sometimes as in coal,
  though with a shorter sound than in English.
  
• The Italian u is spelt "..w..", always sounding
  as letter w in want.
  
• The Italian c is spelt "..k.." when its sound is "strong" (guttural),
  as in card, come.
  
  
  The "soft" (palatal) sound, like the English cluster ch in
  church or
  cheese, is spelt "..ch.."
  (in reading the phonetic spelling remember not to omit the sound of h!).
  
• In a similar way, the Italian g is spelt "..g..",
  when its sound is "strong" (guttural), as in goal,
  guide;
  its "soft" (palatal) sound, like an English j, is
  spelt "..j..", sounding like jam or
  
  jungle.
  
• The Italian cluster sc is spelt "..sh.." when the sound
  matches the English cluster sh in
  shade or fish (again, do not omit the sound of h in this case!).
  
• The Italian gn sound is spelt using a Spanish "..ñ..",
  as señor.
  
• For the Italian cluster gl another Spanish group has been used,
  
  "..ll.." (always with a reminder note). In the GRAMMAR AND
  EXERCISES section of this website, this phonetic spelling has been preferred,
  because it is the closest to the Italian pronounciation.
  
  Instead, in the USEFUL EXPRESSIONS sections I preferred to
  use its quasi-equivalent English ...lly... spelling,
  because the readers whose only purpose is that to use the sentences on a holiday,
  would find this spelling easier to understand, without having to learn the language
  in depth.
  
• The sound of the Italian r is always "rolled": there is no graphic way
  for showing this, so simply keep in mind the pronounciation of this letter.
  
  
  ACCENT (or STRESS)
  
  Accent will be the subject of paragraph 1.5, but I would like to introduce in advance that in the phonetic (English sound) spelling, the syllable that carries the stress is shown in bold letters: these syllables carry the stress in pronouncing the relevant word.
  
  For example:
  

  animale (animal) is pronounced "ahnyhmahleh" (stress on the syllable ma)
  tavolo (table) is pronounced "tahvohloh" (stress on the first syllableta)
  perché (why, because) is pronounced "pehrkeh" (stress on the last syllable che)

  
  
  So now, according to the pronounciation table and to the above-mentioned notes,
  you should be able to pronounce correctly any Italian sound.
  
  Take a test with the following words:
  
  

  ITALIAN	AUDIO SAMPLE	ENGLISH SOUND	MEANING
  bianco		"byahnkoh"	white
  strada		"strahdah"	road
  mare		"mahreh"	sea
  grazie		"grahtsyeh"	thanks
  luogo		"lwohgoh"	place, location
  amico		"ahmykoh"	friend
  facile		"fahchyleh"(English "ch")	easy
  centro		"chentroh"(English "ch")	center, middle
  alzare		"ahltsahreh"	to lift, to raise
  Parigi		"Pahryjyh"	Paris

How to learn Italian 5 - Double consonants

Many Italian words have doubleconsonants. They can be found in any part of the word,
but never as first letters or as last letters.

In most cases they are followed by a vowel, as in dubbio= doubt,gatto= cat, etc.; but in some cases they may be followed by r, as in labbra= lips, attrito= friction, etc.

Instead, another consonant can never come before a double consonant.

Also English has several words with double consonants, for instance supple,bottle,
abbot, and so on.

In Italian, though, double consonants have a specific sound, while in English they are pronounced as if they were single.
The Italian sound is obtainable by breaking the word by the double consonant; for example, as if
the word cattle was spelt ca - ttle, i.e. with a very short suspension between the two syllables: the tt sound should therefore be heard more distinctly.


Any consonant can be doubled, except letter h (never doubled, because it is always
soundless), and special ones (j, k, w, x, y).


Here you can listen to the actual sound of double consonants:

	dubbio (doubt)		affare(bargain / business)
	gatto (cat)		passato(past)
	labbra (lips)		collare(collar)
	attrito (friction)		anno (year)

Some clusters too may be doubled:

...cci like English "...tchyh", as in stracci (rags)
...cce like English "...tcheh", as in accesso (access)

Compounds of ...cci + vowel obviously follow the same pronounciation, dropping the i sound:

...ccia (sounds like "...tchah"), as in faccia (face)
...ccio (sounds like "...tchoh"), as in riccio (curl / porcupine)
...cciu sounds like "...tchuh" as in acciuga (anchovy)

Similar clusters with g (...ggia, ...ggio, etc.), follow the same phonetical
rules as above, sounding as "...djah", "...djoh", etc.


Rarely, the cluster ...ccie or ...ggie (with an i) may also occur, but
they sound exactly as the clusters ...cce and ...gge mentioned above; in these
cases i (merely phonetic) is also redundant, so modern spellings tend to drop it.



Double vowels are uncommon in Italian, though possible in a few words.

They are always pronounced as the ordinary individual ones, but in these cases a longer sound should be
heard:

cooperare (to cooperate)
zii (uncles)
veemenza (vehemence)
riinserire (to insert again)

Double letters, either consonants or vowels, always belong to separate syllables.
How to divide words into their syllables is specifically dealt with by paragraph 17.3, so for the time being simply focus how the following words are divided into their own syllables:

attrito(friction)	at - tri - to
passare (to pass)	pas - sa - to
ammazzare(to kill)	am - maz - za - re
lucchetto(padlock)	luc - chet - to
cooperazione(cooperation)	co - o - pe - ra - zio - ne
riinstallare (to install again, reinstall)	ri - in - stal - la - re

How to learn Italian 4 - Syntactic Doubling

In standard spoken Italian, many words cause the initial
consonant sound of the following word to be doubled. This
phenomenon is typical of Italian pronunciation and is called
"syntactic doubling" (raddoppiamento sintattico) or phrasal doubling..

The following words cause a syntactic doubling :

- all stressed (strong) monosyllables

- many unstressed (weak) monosyllables

- all polysyllables stressed on the final vowel (with a written accent mark)

- some bisyllables

In Italian dictionaries (e.g., Zingarelli, published by
Zanichelli), the phonetic transcription of such words is followed
by an asterisk (*). For example, the phonetic transcription of
the conjunction "a" is /a*/. This means that "a
presto" ("see you soon") is pronounced exactly
like "appresto" ("I prepare").

On the contrary, "re Carlo" ("King
Charles") and "recarlo" ("to bring it")
are pronounced in two different manners, because the word
"re" (/re*/) causes the doubling of the following
initial consonant sound. "Re Carlo" is pronounced
/rek'karlo/.

Weak monosyllables (such as articles; unstressed personal
pronouns; "ci", "ne" and other particles;
etc.) do not cause the doubling.

Italian spelling does not indicate the doubling except when
two words have combined to form a new one, as in E + COME =
ECCOME, FRA + TANTO = FRATTANTO, CHI + SA = CHISSA'.

Syntactic doubling usually occurs in standard
pronunciation of most speakers in Central and Southern Italy. In
Northern Italy, where there is a tendency to ignore double
consonants in general, it is less noticeable.

See the examples below. See also "Espressioni
omofone scritte diversamente".

Word causing syntactic doubling	Example	Word causing syntactic doubling	Example
A	a presto	FA	fa presto
FRA	fra noi	FU	fu felice
TRA	tra voi	E'	è tardi
SU	su Roma	PUO'	può fare
O	o lui	GIA'	già fatto
E	e lei	PIU'	più vicino
TU	tu sei	LA'	là sotto
SE	se vai	LI'	lì sopra
MA	ma no	SI'	sì signore
NO	no davvero	NE '	né noi
TRE	tre mele	COSI'	così tardi
RE	re Carlo	PERCHE'	perché mai
HO	ho fame	MANGIO'	mangiò tutto
HA	ha freddo	ANDRA'	andrà via
SO	so tutto	FARO'	farò tardi
SA	sa l'ora	DIRO'	dirò tutto
DO	do sempre	SARA'	sarà troppo
STO	sto male	COME	come noi
STA	sta lÃ	QUALCHE	qualche volta
VA	va via	MI (note)	mi minore
CHE	che fai?	QUI	qui sotto
CHI	chi sei?	QUA	qua sopra

How to learn Italian 3 - Homographs

Homographs are words written alike but pronounced differently. 

We divided them in two groups:

1) those with the accent on the same syllable. Homographs with closed and open vowel");


2) and those stressed on different syllables (this list). 

There are not many of these words in Italian and context usually helps
understand their real meaning; however, the different pronunciation might create
misunderstandings or involuntary comic effects.

Please note that pronunciation can vary from
region to region and educated speakers of certain regions may not follow the
standard pronunciation given below. 

For regional differences in pronunciation, see "L'italiano e i dialetti",
published by Centro Studi Italiani as part of the Italian Readings on Tape series.

To find the infinitive of verb forms and a larger number of homograph verb
forms, see "La ricerca dell'infinito",
published by Centro Studi Italiani. For word stress position in homograph
forms of conjugated verbs (perdóno/perdonò), see "Le coniugazioni chiavi",
published by Centro Studi Italiani. 

One of the most common cases of resemblance is between the second person
singular of the imperative and the past participle.

Example:

Vèstiti in fretta	Get dressed at once
(Si sono) vestìti in fretta	(They) got dressed in a hurry

  

NOTA BENE: we indicate only one of several possible English equivalents for the following
words. 

  

Italian	English Equivalent	Italian	English Equivalent	Italian	English Equivalent
àdito	entrance	adìto	started legal proceedings	_____	_____
>  abbàglio (l')	blunder	abbaglìo (l')	dazzle	_____	_____
abbàino	(that) they bark	abbaìno (l')	attic	_____	_____
abbàio	I bark	abbaìo (l')	barking	_____	_____
abbarbàglio	I dazzle	abbarbaglìo (l')	dazzle	_____	_____
abìlita	it qualifies	abilità (l')	ability	_____	_____
àbitino (l')	(that) they live	abitìno	simple/nice dress	_____	_____
àbito (l')	suit, dress	abitò	s/he lived	_____	_____
abòmini	you hate	abomìni (gli)	abominations	_____	_____
accòmodati	come in,  make  yourself  comfortable	accomodàti	repaired	_____	_____
accòrdio (l')	small hand organ	accordìo (l')	tuning (obsolete)	_____	_____
adùlteri	adulterous	adultèri	adulteries	_____	_____
àgito	I shake	agìto	acted	agitò	s/he shook
aguzzìno	slave driver	agùzzino	that they sharpen
àltero	I alter	altèro	proud	alterò	s/he altered
àmbito (l')	circle, sphere	ambìto	sought after	_____	_____
àncora (l')	anchor	ancóra	still, yet	_____	_____
àrbitri	referee	arbìtri	liberty	_____	_____
àrista	chine of pork	arìsta	ear of corn	_____	_____
asfìssia	it asphyxiates	asfissìa	asphyxia	_____	_____
attàcchino	(that) they attack/affix	attacchìno (l')	bill-poster	_____	_____
àuguri (gli)	augurs	augùri	wishes	__________
àvaro (l')	Avar	avàro	stingy	_____	_____
bàcino	(that) they kiss	bacìno (il)	basin	_____	_____
bàcio	kiss	bacìo	facing north	_____	_____
bàglio (l')	dazzle	baglìo (l')	dazzling	_____	_____
bàlia (la)	wet nurse	balìa (la)	power	_____	_____
bàlzano	they jump	balzàno	odd	_____	_____
bécchino (beccare)	that they peck	becchìno	undertaker	__________
benèfici	charitable	benefìci (i)	benefits	_____	_____
bòccino	(that) they reject	boccìno (il)	small bocce ball	_____	_____
bràmino	(that) they crave for	bramìno (il)	Brahmin	_____	_____
bùchino	(that) they make a hole	buchìno	small hole
bùttero (il)	cowboy	butterò	I will throw	_____	_____
calàmita	s/he attracts	calamìta (la)	magnet	calamità (la)	calamity
càlzino	they wear	calzìno	sock	_____	_____
càmbiale	change them	cambiàle (la)	bill, I.O.U.	_____	_____
càmpano	they live	campàno	pertaining to (or native of) the region of Campania	_____	_____
cànone	Canon, (monthly/yearly )flat fee	canòne	big dog
càntino	(that) they sing	cantìno (il)	high E string of violin or guitar	_____	_____
càpitano	they happen	capitàno (il)	captain	capitanò	s/he lead
càpito	I arrive	capìto	understood	capitò	s/he arrived
capìtolo (il)	chapter	capitolò	s/he capitulated	_____	_____
circùito (il)	circuit	circuìto	deceived	_____	_____
colònia	colony	colonìa	farming contract	_____	_____
cómpito (il)	task	compìto	polite	compitò	s/he spelled out
condòmini (i)	co-owners	condomìni (i)	condominiums	_____	_____
crògiolo (crogiolare)	I cook on a small fire	crogiòlo (dell'altoforno)	crucible	_____	_____
cucìnino	(that) they cook	cucinìno (il)	kitchenette	_____	_____
dècade (la)	decade	decàde	it declines	_____	_____
desìderi	you desire	desidèri (i)	desires	_____	_____
dèstino	(that) they wake up	destìno (il)	destiny	destinò	s/he destined
diménticati	forget it	dimenticàti	forgotten	_____	_____
esàmino	I examine	esamìno (l')	short exam	esaminò	s/he examined
ètere (l')	ether	etère (le)	hetaera	_____	_____
férmati	stop	fermàti	stopped	_____	_____
fòrmica (la)	Formica (brand name)	formìca (la)	ant	_____	_____
frùstino	(that) they whip	frustìno (il)	riding-whip	_____	_____
gorghéggio	trill	gorgheggìo	trilling	gorgheggiò	trilled
gorgóglio	gurgle	gorgoglìo	gurgling	gorgogliò	gurgled
gràvita	s/he gravitates	gravità (la)	gravity	_____	_____
guài (i)	troubles	guaì	it yelped	_____	_____
ìmpari	unequal	impàri	you learn	_____	_____
ìndice (l')	index	indìce	s/he proclaims	_____	_____
ìndico	I indicate	indìco	I proclaim	_____	_____
ìntimo	intimate	intìmo	I order	intimò	s/he ordered
intùito (l')	intuition	intuìto	perceived	_____	_____
inùmano (inumare)	they bury	inumàno (crudèle)	inhuman	_____	_____
ìsolano	they isolate	isolàno (l')	islander	_____	_____
lèggere	to read	leggère	light	_____	_____
leggèro	light	leggerò	I will read	_____	_____
lièvita	s/he rises	lievità (la)	levity	_____	_____
lùstrino	that they shine	lustrìno	sequin
malèdico	slanderous	maledìco	I curse	_____	_____
màrtiri	martyrs	martìri (supplizi)	martyrdom	_____	_____
méndico	I beg	mendìco (il)	beggar	mendicò	s/he begged
mèrce	goods	mercè	pity
mèta	goal	metÃ	half
mondàno	mundane	mòndano	they clean
mugòlio (il)	plant extract (from a variety of pine)	mugolìo (il)	whining, moaning	_____	_____
nèttare (il)	nectar	nettàre	to clean	_____	_____
nòcciolo (il)	fruit stone	nocciòlo (il)	hazel	_____	_____
Omèro	Homer	òmero	humerus
òccupati	(you) see to it	occupàti	busy	_____	_____
onèsta	honest	onestà (l')	honesty	_____	_____
òvvia	obvious	ovvìa	come on!	_____	_____
Òvvio (scontato)	obvious	ovvìo (ovviare)	I remedy	_____	_____
pàgano	they pay	pagàno	pagan	_____	_____
pànico	panic	panìco	foxtail millet	_____	_____
pàpa	pope	papÃ	daddy
pàssero (il)	sparrow	passerò	I will go by	_____	_____
pàssino	that they go by	passìno (il)	strainer	_____	_____
pàttino	I skate	pattìno (il)	type of rowboat	pattinò	s/he skated
pèrdono	they lose	perdóno (il)	pardon	perdonò	s/he pardoned
péro (il)	pear tree	però	but, however	_____	_____
perséguito	I persecute	perseguìto	pursued	perseguitò	s/he persecuted
pòrtale	bring them	portàle (il)	portal	_____	_____
prèdica (la)	sermon	predìca	that s/he foretell	_____	_____
prèdico	I preach	predìco	I predict	predicò	s/he preached
prèsidi (delle scuole)	principals	presìdi (difese, aiuti)	garrisons	_____	_____
prèsso	near	pressò	s/he pressed	_____	_____
prìncipi (i)	princes	princìpi (i)	principles	_____	_____
pròtesi (la)	prosthesis	protési	stretched	_____	_____
pròvino	(that) they try	provìno (il)	screen-test	_____	_____
ràschio	clearing of one's throat	raschìo	scraping	_____	_____
rasségnati	(you) accept it	rassegnàti	resigned	_____	_____
règia	regal	regìa (la)	movie/stage direction	_____	_____
rètina	retina	retìna	hair-net	_____	_____
rùbino	(that) they steal	rubìno (il)	ruby	_____	_____
Sàra	Proper name	sarÃ	It will be	_____	_____
scàldino	(that) they heat	scaldìno (lo)	brazier	_____	_____
scàmpano	they escape	scampàno	I flare (a skirt)	_____	_____
scàrtino	(that) they discard	scartìno (lo)	slip sheet	_____	_____
scrìvano	(that) they write	scrivàno (lo)	copyist	_____	_____
sdrùcio	tear, rip	sdrucìo	ripping	_____	_____
sciàmano	they swarm	sciamàno	shaman	_____	_____
séguito (il)	entourage	seguìto	followed	seguitò	s/he continued
spìano	they spy	spiàno	I level	spianò	he leveled
stànzino	(that) they allocate	stanzìno (lo)	small storage room	_____	_____
stropìccio (stropicciare)	I rub	stropiccìo (lo)	rubbing	_____	_____
sùbito	at once	subìto	endured	_____	_____
témperino	(that) they temper	temperìno	pocket knife
tèndine (il)	tendon	tendìne (le)	window curtains	_____	_____
tèrmite	termite	termìte	termite	_____	_____
tèste	witness	testè	a short time ago
tórtore	doves	tortóre	club, baton	_____	_____
tràttino	that they treat	trattìno (il)	dash, hyphen	_____	_____
tùrbina	it whirls	turbìna (la)	turbine	_____	_____
tùrbine (il)	whirl	turbìne (le)	turbines	_____	_____
unìta	united	unitÃ	unity
vàluta	s/he values	valùta	currency	_____	_____
venèfici	poisonous	venefìci (i)	poisonings	_____	_____
vicària	vicarious	vicarìa	vicariate	_____	_____
vìola	s/he violates	viòla (la)	violet; viola (mus. instr.)	_____	_____
vìolino	(that) they violate	violìno (il)	violin	_____	_____
vìolo	I violate	viòlo	violet (dialect)	violò	s/he violated
vólano	they fly	volàno (il)	fly-wheel	_____	_____

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